The History Of The Community Mobilization Sociology Essay

The History Of The Community Mobilization Sociology Essay The term community has various meaning. We can define community is a place where people living in the particular geographical area and they shares their common values, interests and they follows a particular way of living. The term community may refer to the national community or international community. In biology a community is a group of interacting people sharing a populated environment. Apart from a geographical area a community is a group or society, helping each other. In human communities belief, resources, needs, interest and a number of other conditions may be present in common, which also affects the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness. In every society various types of communities may take place. Some categorizations are as follows:- Geographic communities: It ranges from the local neighborhood, suburb, village, town or city, region, nation or even the planet as a whole. These refer to communities of location. Communities of culture: It ranges from the local clique, sub-culture, ethnic group, religious, multicultural or pluralistic civilization, or the global community cultures of today. They may be included as communities of need or identity, such as disabled persons, or frail aged people. Communities are nested; one community can contain another-for example a geographic community may contain a number of ethnic communities. Identity is also one of the important factor to assess the type of community. For example if a group of people indicates the common identity other than location then it would be a community based on their common interest. Also a professional community can also exist in society where a group of people are with the same or related occupations. There are different things that bind people together to their different communities or that they may have in common with the other people living around them, which includes beliefs and values, language, territory, religion, culture and occupations. Community Mobilization: A strong community feeling is also evident at times of crisis and change for families, such as marriage and death. In a community people shared their we feeling with each other. As we know that proper management and utilization of resources is the best possible way for the development of the community. Therefore community mobilization is always prominent for the development and upliftment of any community. For mobilizing the community people make their plans and then do the things accordingly. They take charge, transforming, developing their community and their lives as well. Community mobilization is a process which allows people in the community to: Identify needs and promote community interests. Promote good leadership and democratic decision making. Identify specific groups for undertaking specific problems. Identify all the available resources in the community and mobilize or generate new resources. Communities can mobilize to work for changes that will fulfill the social, emotional, financial and physical needs of people. Community mobilization is a process to create awareness among people regarding the present situation of the community in order to encourage positive change in the future For community mobilization communication is one of the important tool to achieve it. Through proper and effective communication various methods of mobilizing the community can be implemented. Here we are discussing the various methods for community mobilization by given actors as per the fig 1.1. Mobilizing the community Political Parties Social Movements Individual groups Political Parties The use of social networking sites by political parties and other politically active groups has been increased. These groups have realized that using of social networking potentially increases people mobilization. The Internet has become a fast and low-cost communication tool and enables quick and easy aggregation of political information among potential voters. For instance Mr. Barack Obama successful used Twitter, Flicker, You Tube, Facebook among others to communicate and mobilize people. He also had a $2 million dollar custom campaigning and social networking site built called MyBarackobama.com. As political parties are now actively engaging with social networking sites as part of their strategies to mobilize the maximum people in the community. In the present scenario, the use of social media is really important to mobilize the people and communities for collective action. We know that today millions of people are connected in one way or another to the internet. People are easil y accessible on internet. It is another way of reaching large numbers of people to mobilize them for a group effort. Facebook, Mixit, Twitter can also be effective for the above. To generate awareness among people and to mobilize them in large number to make a community independent. Newspapers, radio stations and the TV have the authority to inform thousands more people about various campaigns for mobilizing any community. By writing a press release, a political party can highlight the facts, peoples demands, and what people want the media to talk about regarding the development and continuous empowerment of their community. Parties can also organize a press conference. So they can invite the reporters to come to a meeting where spokespeople from the community organization speak out publicly about the problem and the solution of the problems of community. All these strategies political parties can apply to mobilize the community and people as well to generate awareness among them and to provide them a platform where people can discuss issues their community problems also mobilize the resources. Apart from above, Political rallies and the use of local languages are instrumental in the mobilization of groups for social action. Social Movements Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on specific political or social issues for their development. In other words, they carry out, resist or undo a social change in the society. Social movement campaigns play a critical role in mobilizing and maintaining the submerged networks of social movement communities. We discuss the importance of such movement campaigns and their effects on movement communities, subsequent collective action, and cultural and political change. Our research contributes to an understanding of the shape of social movement communities and the connections between local and international campaigns. Community mobilization is often used by grassroots-based social movements, which includes revolutionary movements. The process usually takes the form of large public gatherings such as mass meetings, marches, parades, processions and demonstrations. Those gatherings usually are part of a protest action. These are the different ways by which a community can be mobilized and can raise voice for the demand of development of the community. In other words, community mobilization seeks to facilitate change within the community for its development. Modern Western social movements became possible through education (the wider dissemination of literature), and increased mobility of labor due to the industrialization and urbanization of 19th century societies. Social movements have been and continued to be closely connected with democratic political systems. Occasionally, social movements have been involved in democratizing nations, but more often they have developed after democratization. Modern movements often utilize technology and the internet to mobilize people globally. Adapting to communication trends is a common theme among successful movements. Research is beginning to explore how advocacy organizations linked to social movements use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. It is a type of political organisation we need to think about is the social movement. A movement, by its very nature, is not something that can be easily pinned down since, as Glaser (2003) suggests, it represents a loose community of like-minded people who share a broad range of ideas and opinions. This type of definition, therefore, covers a range of behaviours, a good example of which might be something like the environmentalist movement a very broad category of people who, in a variety of ways, are concerned with protecting the physical environment. Della Porta and Diani (1999) refine this general idea by thinking about social movements in terms of Informal networks the movement as a whole is loosely structured. People come together, at various times, on the basis of: Shared beliefs and support for a general set of ideas, usually based around: Conflictual issues, especially, although not necessarily, issues of national and global significance. Part of the reason for social move ments is that issues of concern to movement adherents/members are either not being addressed by political parties or, if they are, the movements adherents are strongly opposed to the policies being proposed/ enacted. This is one reason why such movements often involve: Protest in a range of forms (such as civil disobedience, demonstrations or publicity stunts). In other words, as Schweingruber (2005) puts it, social movements involve: Continuous, large-scale, organized collective action, motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse change in some area of society. Social movements are any broad social alliances of people who are connected through their shared interest in blocking or affecting social change. Although social movements do not have to be formally organized. Social movement is always an important tool to bring the change in society and as well as to mobilize the communities for their own development. By arranging people in mass meetings, parades, marches, discussions on various issues, movements for stressing the education of people, bringing the concept of democratization in light communities can mobilize through theses social movements. Social movements are always a part of society, and people may compare their options and make rational choices about which movements to follow. As long as social movements wish to be success, they must find resources (such as money, people, and plans) for how to meet their goals. Social movements are competing for a piece of finite resources, and the field is growing more crowded all the time.McCarthy and Zald (1977) conceptualize resource mobilization theory as a way to explain movement success in terms of its ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals. For example, PETA, a social movement organization, is in competition with Greenpeace and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), two other social movement organizations. Taken together, alo ng with all other social movement organizations working on animals rights issues, these similar organizations constitute a social movement industry. Multiple social movement industries in a society, though they may have widely different constituencies and goals, constitute a societys social movement sector. Every social movement organization (a single social movement group) within the social movement sector is competing for your attention, your time, and your resources. Individual groups It is always easy to start a fire and involve a number of people. Community members need to choose certain people whose role will be to keep the fire of community mobilization burning. In this guide these people will be called motivators. People in the community know each other very well. Take time to carefully choose honest people who are respected by others, and who can encourage others to work well together. They need to have some time and energy available, have a desire to bring change and be willing to work free of charge. Each community should select two or three motivators. The people chosen will need equipping and support in their role. Each local area has a number of different kinds of resources. People use these resources to keep alive and to cope with changing seasons, political change and cultural pressures. Helping people to understand and to value the different resources they have is very important. These are the main kinds of resources: _ Natural resources include land, trees, forests and water. _ Human resources include the skills, knowledge, understanding and labour of local people. _ Financial resources include money, access to credit and loans, credit unions and government support. _ Social resources include the culture, traditions, organizations, friends and extended family. _ Physical resources include buildings, tools, roads, water pumps and transport. _ Spiritual resources are the strength and encouragement that people gain from their faith. Local people already know more than any outsider about their community and the people living there. Many people assume they know everything about their local area, but there is always more to learn and understand before making new plans. Take plenty of time to help people in the community to tell their story together. One very effective way of doing this is to draw maps, either using clear ground with sticks, leaves and stones, or if available, large sheets of paper and pens. Encourage small groups to draw different maps to show: the natural and physical resources in the area (hills, forests, roads and rivers, for example) -where people live, noting important people and organisations -how the area looked 50 or 20 years ago (only for older people). So for mobilizing communities, individual groups can do the social mapping of the community so that the people can aware about the present problems in the community. Another helpful way to focus on key issues within the local area is to encourage people to prepare a role-play to express their concerns. As people discuss what subjects to use, they will often focus on important issues. However, they are also likely to share these in funny ways. Laughter has a way of taking the pressure out of a situation, helping people to discuss sensitive issues, sometimes for the first time. Again, encouraging people to work in small groups is another way to mobilize the communities. Having chosen their first priority for action, local people need to decide whether they have enough information to take action. For example, if education is identified as the priority, people may need more information about the problems and whether they are at primary or secondary level. The problem may be poor attendance and, if so, there is a need to find out why. Considering electing teams of local people to gather relevant information is another way to mobilize the communities. Choose people who can be trusted and who know their community well. Before sending teams out to gather information, take plenty of time to decide exactly what kind of information is needed. Apart from this, conducting role plays- street plays in the community is always a good strategy to mobilize the maximum number of people and to preparing them for a social action. By Arranging a community meeting to share all the information gathered is showing information clearly to the people. A large number of people can mobilize for the collective action after getting all the facts and problems of the community. Also, motivation plays an important role in this activity. As keep motivating the people in right direction is always worthy and will be fruitful for attaining maximum development of the community. Initial contact with the community is another way to mobilize people. Understanding community practices and traditions prior to establishing contact can help identify the appropriate approach for engaging with different groups and members of the community. It is important to focus on learning from the community, especially during the initial contact.  Taking every opportunity to meet informally with diverse members of the community (at the health post, during registration, at distribution points, in the queue for water). Also utilizing community leaders also increases the chances of reaching a cross-section of the population and not just a narrow representation. It is essential that all members of the community receive word about mobilization and how they can be involved.  Outreaching to those who are isolated, vulnerable or considered. If they cannot personally attend a meeting, it is important that they be represented in some way. So as per the above discussion, motivating peop le, arranging meetings, initial contacting with the communities, utilizing the community leaders, conducting role-plays, street plays, community outreaching are different ways to mobilize the maximum people of community by individual groups. Also, identifying an existing committee or a community-based organization which can give individual groups access to the community and facilitate distribution of  messages. Meeting the host community and the authorities is important to reach out the goals for community development and mobilization.   Messages might only reach certain groups, such as community leaders, and not all members of the community.  Developing outreach strategies with the leaders and others to ensure that everyone is informed, including women, girls and boys, minority groups, and people with mental and physical challenges. Making sure that information is delivered in a language everyone can understand, is culturally sensitive and is correctly perceived and understood.  As always communication should be effective and strong for the mobilization. Arranging meetings at mutually convenient times. As far the mobilization concern, for development of any community individual groups should make positive rappor t building among the community with key people- like facilitator, leaders, service providers etc. and whole community as well. A good rapport building is effective strategy to mobilizing the people.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transparency, respect and consistency are essential for building trust, confidence and collaboration between organizations and partners, including members of the community.  Also individual groups have to make ensure that after the first contact immediate follow-up action is taken or not.   Orienting the Community is another way to mobilize the people. The first step in mobilizing the community is to orient them to the process.  This can be done in a number of ways, including written communication, television, radio, or an organized meeting.  Meetings are more personal and conducive to building relationships.   They also facilitate two-way communication where questions can be answered efficiently. As groups can motivate community people for their maximum participation in every discussion as they should feel that they are the key part of it.   Also to start these meetings as soon as possible, so that trust and a positive working relationship can be built between parties. Having the meeting sponsored or hosted by a respected individual or group within the community can add credibility to its agenda.  This may happen through a church, school, tribe, or other local group.   Utilizing community leaders also increases the chances of reaching a cross-section of the population and not just a narrow representation. It is essential that all members of the community receive word about mobilization and how they can be involved.  Outreach is prominent to those who are isolated, vulnerable or considered marginal is critical. If they cannot personally attend a meeting, it is important that they be represented in some way. Individual groups should take care of these things before conducting any activity as part of the community or within the community. An only arranging meeting is not as sufficient. The goals of the meeting must be carefully considered and reflected in the agenda.  Community leaders can provide assistance presenting the information in a culturally appropriate manner. Some of the community leaders may be chosen to convey topics with which they are familiar.  During this meeting, it is important to invoke the input of the community. Identify their needs and begin to priorities how those needs will be met.   Individual groups sho uld know that this meeting will be an opportunity to develop an awareness of what the contributing organizations can provide, and also an opportunity to learn about the strengths and resources of the community. It will be important to define mutual goals and develop a plan as to how to reach these goals.  This will include organizing individuals to work together and coordinate services.   Proper organization of every resources and management is necessary to mobilize the people. Also individual groups should develop ongoing ways to communicate for mobilizing the people. Once goals have been defined and a plan has been developed, it will be important to identify ongoing ways to communicate.  Rather than having large meetings, cluster meetings of project staff, community leaders and community members working on similar tasks are more manageable and efficient.  The groups should begin team building with all team members (international  and national staff, community leaders and community members). It is vital that marginalized and vulnerable people are included in these teams.  Intervention with the community may be required for them to allow marginalized or isolated members of their community to participate in a team.   Working in small teams that include affected people as well as outside helpers.  Team leaders should meet daily for sharing of information, planning and coordination. Not all teams will be required for all emergency response projects. Some people may be a member of more than one team. Conclusion: It is to be concluded that for continuous community development mass awareness, people mobilization is very important. In our society there are different resources which can perform to mobilize the community. But one should only need to generate these resources within the community or outside the community. Maximum resource utilization and mobilization of people are key things for developing any community. Community development emphasizes participation, initiative and self-help by local communities but should be sponsored by national governments as part of a national plan.

Bibliography of Martin Luther King, Jr Essay

Martin Luther King, Jr. is s renowned civil right activities in the history of the United States.   He was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta Georgia[1].   Martin was born son to the famous Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and his mother was Alberta Williams King.   Initially he was named Michael King, Jr. but when the family visited Europe in 1934 which took them to Germany, his father decided to change their names to Martin in order to honor Martin Luther who was a German Protestant. King had an older sister Willie christen born in 1927 and also a younger brother Alfred Daniel born in 1930. His family was a Christian family and therefore in his early life, King was very active in the church affair.  Ã‚   He sang in the church choir at the 1939 premiere which was produced with the movie Gone with the wind. He joined Morehouse College by the time he was fifteen years but he skipped the ninth and the twelfth high school grades which means he left the school without formal graduation.   However he had a vision in education and he continued in the same school where he graduated from the Morehouse with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology in 1948. He then enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary where he graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity in 1951. He immediately began his doctoral studies specializing in Systematic theology in Boston University where he received a Doctor of Philosophy in 1955. Although a 1980s inquiry into his work found out that some of portions of his work were plagiarized, King’s dissertation is still considered as a one of the most important work in his academic scholarship. It still makes an intelligent contribution to the scholarly world.   In 1953 he married Coretta Scott on her mother’s house lawn and was blessed with four children including Yolanda Denise King, Martin Luther III, Dexter Scott, and Bernice Albertine. At the age of 25 he became a pastor in 1954 in Montgomery, Alabama. He became the youngest pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist church. Before he died, martin Luther king is credited with having made a historical mark in the life of American people. He helped to organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conferences in 1957 and the Montgomery Bus boycott of 1955. He is also famed to this â€Å"I have a Dream† speech which was delivered on     the match on Washington. He has been established as one of the greatest orator in the history of the US. He was assassinated on 1968 when he had visited Memphis in Tennessee where he had gone to show solidarity with the Black sanitary public works employees who were on strike.   After delivering as speech on â€Å"I have been to the mountaintop†, he was shot in his room on April 4 1968 while standing on a balcony[2]. He was honored with a noble prize posthumously in 2004. Analysis of historical contribution of Martin Luther King Jr Martin Luther made a history contribution in his life.   As a Baptist he became involved in civil right movements during his early days in his pastoral career. He became the youngest person to receive the Noble Peace Prize owing to his work on segregation and racial discrimination by articulating for civil disobedience and the use of other non-violent means.   He took a religious stance in his approach to many issues affecting the American people. At the time of his death he had vowed to focus his efforts on eliminating poverty and opposition to the Vietnam War where he took a religious approach to the issues. King was influenced to civil rights activism by many people including Thurman who was a civil rights leader and a theologian, Gandhi and Rustin who advocated for civil rights through non-violent means, and many others. One of his greatest achievements was the Montgomery Bus Boycott which took place in 1955-56. This was a boycott that was aimed at eliminating racial segregation after a black woman Rosa Parks was arrested when she refused to comply with Jim Crow Law which required her to give her seat to a white man. King led the boycott which lasted for about 385 days and which saw the end of racial segregation on the Montgomery public bus. King was also very instrumental in founding the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957[3]. This group was created in order to harness the moral authority of the church which led to organizing of the power of black churches and conducted non-violent protests calling for civil rights reforms. King was the leader of the organization till he died.   King was an adherent of civil disobedience through the use of non-violent means. He organized several protests that called for equal rights among the blacks and ht white. His efforts convinced the whole America that civil right movement was the right vehicle that could bring  Ã‚   equity among all races in the great nation. Not even the efforts of the FBI to thwart his effort on  Ã‚   accusation of being used by communists deterred his work.   The marches organized by King eventually led to the recognition of the right of blacks with the passage of the Civil Right Act of 1964 and the Voting Right Acts of 1965. He is credited with having organized a successful march on Washington in 1963 which was aimed at expressing the job and freedom conditions of the black in the South.   It is during this match that he delivered his famous speech â€Å"I have a Dream† which gave hope to the black community of a good future life.   Throughout his life, King made great contribution to the cause of humanity. Bibliography Kirk, J. (2005). Martin Luther King Jr. London; Pearson Longman Nick, K. (2005). Judgment days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr and the laws that changed America.   Houghton Mifflin Book William, P. (2003). An act of state: The execution of Martin Luther King. Mercer University Press [1] Kirk, J. (2005). Martin Luther King Jr. London; Pearson Longman [2] William, P. (2003). An act of state: The execution of Martin Luther King. Mercer University Press [3] Nick, K. (2005). Judgment days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr and the laws that changed America.   Houghton Mifflin Book

Does Breaking a Law Makes a Criminal? Essay

To judge whether breaking a law makes a criminal, first we must define the terms law and crime. Every society makes and enforces laws that govern the conduct of the individuals. Without law we cannot live. Laws maximizes our individual right, facilitate the orders of our society, and it keeps peace in our civilization. The violation of those duties that he or she owes to society and for the breach of which the law provides is defined as a crime. Breaking the law does not always constitute criminality. Law is created within the ethical realm of human’s principles, therefore laws fluctuates as our perception changes. To answer our question whether breaking a law makes a criminal, we must examine further to see if the action committed is incriminating by the criminal intent. Most crimes require criminal intent. Two elements must exist before a person to be found guilty of an intent crime and be label as criminal. First, the person must have actually performed the criminal act. For example, killing of someone without legal justification is a criminal act. This is because the law forbids person from killing on another. Criminal act is not always an action people take. A person can be a criminal for not acting. For example, if a taxpayer who is under a legal duty to file income tax returns and pay income tax, failure to do so will result in a criminal act. Second, to be found guilty of an intent crime, the accused must be found to have possessed an evil intent to do harm. For instances, assault and battery are usually consider an evil intent because the perpetrator intends a specific result with the purpose of doing harm to another. To further complex criminality, we should also examine non-intent crimes. Sometimes non-intent crimes can also result in a criminal act. Non-intent crimes are often imposed for reckless or grossly negligent conduct that causes injury to another person. For example, the crime of involuntary manslaughter is a non-intent crime. If a person was driving 55 miles per hour while in a 35 miles per hour zone and the driver cannot stop his car at a red traffic light, enters the pedestrian crossing, and kills a pedestrian. He is guilty of the non-intent crime of involuntary manslaughter. Whether breaking a law makes a criminal, it all depends on one’s perception. These laws exist because it lays general rules that organize the society. The primary intent is to protect and forbids people from engaging in certain undesirable activities. And what is â€Å"correct† is based on morality and ethics. Law is discovered by humans through the use of reason and choosing between good and evil.

Essay on Propaganda, Stereotypes, and the War on Drugs

Propaganda, Stereotypes, and the War on Drugs The West has constantly been fighting the use of illegal drugs for decades by Propaganda. Propaganda ‘is a form of manipulative communication designed to elicit some predetermined response’ (Inge, 1981, 322). Governments have been using many propagandistic methods to reduce the consumption of illegal drugs such as marginalization or creating stereotypes. By creating a certain stereotype for the drug users and dealers, governments believe that people would try to avoid drugs so they won’t fit the stereotype. Extensive researche has been performed on this issue and there was no support that this propaganda tactic made a significant difference in the use of illegal drugs. To understand†¦show more content†¦The media indirectly tells us, â€Å"do you want to look like those dirty, Lazy Mexicans, or those rapists?† Another propaganda technique to convince the public against the use of drugs is by relating it to crime (Solomon,1968, 126) and terrorism. A month after the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center, Tony Blair stated in his speech that ninety percent of heroin sold in Brittan was imported from Afghanistan. Using the stereotype that people from Afghanistan were terrorists, Tony Blair connected drugs and heroin with terrorism and that buying drugs from Afghanistan is an indirect tool for their terrorism. Blair states that; â€Å"The arms the Taliban are buying today are paid for with the lived of young British people buying their drugs on British streets†¦ That is another part of their regime that we should seek to destroy† (Fitzpatrick, 2001). Blair’s thesis is that the â€Å"War on Drugs† is really the â€Å"War on terrorism† and if one is patriotic, he/she would stay away from buying drugs since it benefits the real enemy which is terrorism. In the last decade, drug use has been very high which elicited the government to take a stronger stand. Drug awareness programs were held in schools which over-exaggerated the harm of drugs and ‘drug dealers are often portrayed as predators preying on the misery of their customers’ (Preston, 2001). Drug users on the other hand are portrayed as beingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Stanley Cohen s Folk Devils And Moral Panics 1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of media can create unnecessary panic about a range of different subjects, one of the most popular being drugs. 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