The aim of this study was to research the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony Essay Example

The point of this examination was to explore the impact of driving inquiries on observer declaration Essay The point of this investigation was to explore the impact of driving inquiries on onlooker declaration. The theory was that driving inquiries would significantly affect memory review. This draws on consequences of an investigation by Loftus Zanni whose examination demonstrated that driving inquiries increment the quantity of inaccurately reviewed subtleties. Members were chosen by circumstance testing. The picked examination bunch were given an instructions and told that they could leave at whenever on the off chance that they wished to. The gathering watched a clasp from Crimewatch UK, and finished a survey dependent on their review. There were two types of poll. The main was a control survey that did exclude driving inquiries. It utilized the basic word a. The second was a test survey which utilized the basic word the, and which included five driving inquiries. The factual examination later led indicated that the impact of driving inquiries is to a great extent immaterial, in light of the fact that they had little impact on the quantity of erroneously reviewed subtleties. In this way the exploratory speculation can be dismissed and the invalid theory, which states driving inquiries have no impact on the review of occasions, can be acknowledged. Presentation We will compose a custom exposition test on The point of this examination was to explore the impact of driving inquiries on onlooker declaration explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The point of this examination was to investigate the impact of driving inquiries on onlooker declaration explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The point of this investigation was to explore the impact of driving inquiries on observer declaration explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer So as to find out whether driving inquiries affect onlooker we should characterize what a main inquiry is. Loftus depicts a main inquiry as an inquiry that depicts a specific alluring response to the member. For instance a main inquiry might be did you see the red vehicle? this is driving as the basic word, the in this example suggests that there was a red vehicle, despite the fact that this may not be the situation. The inquiry ought to be did you see a red vehicle? for it to be genuinely substantial. Loftus led an investigation into the zone of driving inquiries to give an increasingly substantial portrayal of the given occasions in police meetings and poll circumstances. This examination was intended to check whether such driving inquiries would influence the review in a wrongdoing review circumstance. As indicated by Loftus and Palmers (1974) driving inquiries can seriously influence the result of a poll or meeting, in any event, when just a particular emotive word is utilized. Loftus and Palmer directed an investigation utilizing a genuine occasion and a scope of both sincerely charged and unbiased words. In their examination members were demonstrated a clasp of a vehicle crashes and later requested to finish a poll. A portion of the members were given genuinely charged words, for example, impacted and crushed. Others were given words with less sincerely charged words, for example, knock, hit and reached. They found that not exclusively does the basic word change the measure of erroneously reviewed realities, yet in addition the enthusiastic noteworthiness of that word. For instance the word crushed was found to create answers of higher rates than less sincerely charged words. Zanni Loftus (1975) utilized two kinds of inquiries. They utilized the inconclusive non driving inquiry, for example did you see a messed up front light? whereby there is no deceptive of data. The other kind of inquiry was a distinct driving inquiry, for example did you see the wrecked front lamp? Their examination researched the legitimacy of reviewed onlooker occasions. This was accomplished by asking whether a main inquiry influences a members reaction to certain basic words. Members were demonstrated a remaking of a wrongdoing and given polls including both driving and non driving inquiries. This basic change in the autonomous variable had a perceptible impact in the measure of bogus reactions, the reliant variable. This examination will be a precisely replication of Loftus ; Zannis study, anyway an alternate video and polls will be utilized. The point of my investigation is to explore the impact of driving inquiries on Eye Witness Testimony. The exploratory theory is that driving inquiries increment the quantity of erroneously reviewed occasions. My invalid speculation is that driving inquiries have no impact on the legitimacy of reviewed occasions. Strategy: Plan: The investigation was planned as a lab try different things with a free estimates structure. The example bunch was chosen into two conditions, a control a condition and a test the condition. The free factor was the basic word in the inquiry utilized. This could have been either a for the benchmark group, or the for the exploratory gathering. The free factor would have influenced the result of the needy variable, in this occurrence, the quantity of off base realities reviewed. The free estimates configuration was utilized to test the two gatherings simultaneously, decreasing the measure of time expected to lead the investigation. The research facility try was valuable for the examination as any incidental factors could be controlled in light of the fact that it didn't influence the outcomes. Clamor levels have been found to lessen members focus in an investigation. So as to keep away from this, the examination was directed during the day in a room in school. This implied outside rooms were calm and clamor didn't influence fixation levels. The investigation included deluding the members about its point. They trusted it was about memory execution and not driving inquiries. To counter this, an instructions was performed before the beginning of the investigation. Members were educated regarding their entitlement to pull back whenever, and they were consoled that any information gathered would remain totally private. After the examination was led the members were questioned. The points of the investigation were clarified. The gathering were offered the chance to pull back their outcomes. The experimenters contact subtleties were given to the members. On the off chance that they wished to examine any issues raised by the examination.

Marijuan issue essays

Marijuan issue papers Californias Medical Marijuana law Under government law utilizing weed in at any rate is unlawful. In any case, beginning on 1996 California passed suggestion 215 creation it lawful to smoke maryjane on the off chance that you have a genuine ailment and you have to acquire a specialists proposal first. This law was passed in light of the fact that weed reduces agony and prevents sickness from coming about because of genuine maladies. It additionally brings down the interior eye pressure related with glaucoma which eases back the procedure of visual deficiency. It diminishes the torment of AIDS patients in addition to it makes them hungry on account of those enduring lack of healthy sustenance in view of AIDS squandering condition. It additionally diminishes muscle spasticity and ceaseless agony on account of numerous sclerosis, epilepsy, and spinal string wounds. In 1998 the U.S. government sued the Oakland Cannabis Buyers Cooperative (OCBC) in administrative court for damaging the Controlled Substances Act. They need to do this since suggestion 215 is exceptionally free. For instance to be structure to get cannabis you would must have a sickness yet it additionally state that you can utilize it for some other kind of ailment for which weed gives help which could be pressure, cerebral pains, steamed stomach, insomnia....or whatever else. You wouldnt even need a composed solution to get it. Anybody with an oral suggestion or endorsement by a doctor can develop, have, or smoke cannabis. Indeed, even little children can smoke pot lawfully on the off chance that they have a remedy. Besides there is no FDA endorsement for maryjane. The quality, virtue and quality of the medication is unregulated. The Government needed the OCBC to be restriction from dispersing pot to patients. Be that as it may, the OCBC in there barrier said that it carried on of clinical need on account of genuinely sick residents, and that such a clinical need ought to be a special case to the law. In any case, the locale court supported the U.S. government, which made the OCBC shutdown. In any case, In May 2001 the Supreme C ... <!

How to Shift Your Mindset from Short-Term Selling to Long-Term Success

How to Shift Your Mindset from Short-Term Selling to Long-Term Success Many entrepreneurs fall into the trap of seeing and treating everyone they meet as a potential buyer. This is especially true of entrepreneurs heading a fledgling company or startup.Always in pitch mode, these entrepreneurs see everyone as a potential customer or investor.While this tenacious, dogged determination to make a sale is likely to reflect well on your monthly revenue, it might cost you something bigger in the long run.It is like grabbing a handful of pretzels and walking away when you could actually have had the whole bag if you were only more patient and strategic in your approach.From the outside, business looks like a basic profit-and-loss operation.However, if you look closer, you will realize that though profits are the prize, they are not the foundation of a successful business.If you look closely, you will realize that business is social, and relationships are the cornerstone of business success.Good times come and go, but the meaningful relationships you have culti vated with clients, suppliers, investors, and other stakeholders will stay strong and help you ride through the bad times.Look closely into the history of any business that has existed for a long time and you will find that all went through bad times, during which they might not have been profitable, but they somehow managed to survive.Their customers were loyal. Their shareholders remained loyal and didn’t sell their stock.Their best employees didn’t quit. Suppliers, creditors, and all other stakeholders remained loyal, helping the business get through the rough patch.Overall, while focusing on sales and revenue is important, building meaningful relationships with stakeholders and your network as an entrepreneur is equally important.If you focus solely on short-term selling at the expense of cultivating solid relationships with clients and stakeholders, you leave your business vulnerable.Any small setback could bring the company to its knees.THE PRESENT VS THE FUTURE: PLAY THE LONG GAMEIn business, you have to strike a good balance between minding the present and preparing for the future. If you pay too much attention to the present, you risk having a precarious future.Conversely, if you pay too much attention to the future while forgetting the present, you risk not having any future to speak of as your business is likely to fail due to present unprofitability.In other words, you must do what you have to do to keep the business afloat, and at the same time, you should not get so caught up in making the business profitable at present that you lose sight of the big picture.Short-term selling might help the business survive today, but it won’t guarantee a secure future.The best-case future scenario for any business is to have a set of tenaciously loyal customers who act as brand ambassadors, bringing in more customers through word-of-mouth.In that best-case future scenario, you don’t have to pitch and market yourself as aggressively and expensively as yo u do today.You accomplish this by cultivating relationships with your customers.Show them they can trust you, that you are reliable. It takes time, but once you have their trust, they will keep coming back to your business and bring you new customers.If one of these satisfied, loyal customers happens to be an influential person, you have it made.They will sing your praises to their followers, bringing you an influx of many new customers who didn’t cost you anything to acquire. In other words, free advertising.THE MARSHMALLOW EXPERIMENT: LEARN TO DELAY GRATIFICATION Ever heard of Stanford’s Marshmallow Experiment?This was a series of studies done by Stanford professor, the psychologist Walter Mischel, in the late 1960s and early 1970s.The experiment involved giving children the choice between getting a small reward (a marshmallow, cookie, or a pretzel) instantly or double the reward if they waited a little bit longer.The tester would leave the room, giving the children time to co nsider the options.As you might expect, some of the children ate their marshmallow as soon as the researcher walked out of the room.Some fidgeted in their chairs, trying to restrain their desire for the marshmallow, but eventually gave in to temptation.Some of the children were, however, able to wait and receive two marshmallows once the researcher came back about 15 minutes later.Here is the interesting part of the marshmallow experiment.Follow-up studies years later established that children who preferred to wait longer were more likely to do well in life.Those who waited were more likely to have higher SAT scores, better social skills, lower likelihood of obesity, lower likelihood of abusing drugs, better response to stress, and so on.While the validity of the Marshmallow Experiment is in question, it is apt as a modern parable on the importance of foregoing small rewards today to enjoy bigger rewards tomorrow.For instance, if you postpone watching YouTube videos right now and in stead focus on your passion project, you will complete it sooner.At work, if you postpone checking emails and social media till later in the day, you will get more work done during the fresh morning hours.This is the first thought that should come into your mind when you prioritize short-term selling over a long-term strategy â€" that short-term selling is instant gratification.For instance, some entrepreneurs will even dupe customers into making a purchase that is not really valuable to the customer, provided they get the sale.While this might get you a sale today, it will have lost you a customer from whom you would have earned much more in future.On the other hand, someone who has a long term mindset focuses on developing relationships, even if it means not making any sale in the present.Eventually, they are able to derive more value from the customer than they would have done if they had just focused on making a single sale upfront.THE INCREDIBLE FORESIGHT OF JEFF BEZOS AND AMAZ ON: THINK BIG NOT SMALLTo understand the beauty of long-term thinking, I find it necessary to take a look at a little online bookstore that grew up to be one of the Big Four technology companies (alongside Google, Apple, and Facebook).This little online bookstore is none other than Amazon, the online retail giant.Jeff Bezos founded Amazon on July 5, 1994 in Bellevue, Washington. Note that unlike most technology companies, Amazon is not based in Silicon Valley. Amazon’s current headquarters are at Seattle, Washington.In the early years, Amazon was not a profitable company, and stockholders raised complaints about the slow growth. It was not until the first quarter of 2001 that the company turned its first profit: only $5 million.The company made its first ever annual profit in 2003, after having been in operation for 9 years.The company focused on long-term growth, not short-term profit, a strategy that has proven exceedingly wise, as the company now makes enormous profits.Surprisi ngly, its focus on long term growth over short term profitability contributed in the company’s ability to survive the dot com bubble burst, which took down with it several other tech companies.Jeff Bezos has described Amazon’s approach as long-term strategy with “heads down” focus on the customer.From the beginning, Jeff Bezos understood that the key to lasting business success is satisfied customers.He once said his company is built on three major ideas: thinking ahead, being obsessed with customer service, and a willingness to invent.Many companies worry about the competition, but Bezos understood that once you win over the customer, you have no competition.Amazon’s most important intellectual property, said Bezos, is its brand.With this in mind, Jeff Bezos guided the company to maintain its brand image by providing fast shipping, quality service, and convenience for customers.The idea was to conduct business in a way that aligned as perfectly as possible with human want s.For instance, when you buy online, you want the process to be as easy as possible and your order to arrive swiftly.The goal Bezos set for his staff from early on was “to build a valuable and lasting company”.   Most businesses that milk short-term profits lack a long-term vision.Jeff Bezos ensured his company was different. Even today, Bezos still encourages long-term investments even when they do not guarantee an immediate return on investment.Bezos’s growth-minded approach meant that the company was willing to spend money to make money.This meant foregoing annual profit for years, as the company cut prices, introduced free shipping, and invested in developing new devices such as the Kindle e-reader.Today, Amazon is so big that its workforce is over 575,000 people â€" this is nearly the size of Luxembourg’s population.The company provides hundreds of thousands of third-party merchants with storage, logistics, loans, and a selling platform.In addition, Amazon’s profitabl e cloud computing division, Amazon Web Services, is the industry’s global leader.In the fourth quarter of 2017, Amazon reported $1.86 billion in net income. Get this: what Amazon made during that quarter alone is equivalent to what the company made in 14 years of cumulative profits since its May 1997 IPO.More recently, in the first quarter of 2019, Amazon has made a record-high profit that is more than double of what investors predicted.The company generated $59.7 billion revenue and an operating income of $4.4 billion. Net income was $3.6 billion.Today, Amazon is counted not only among the most valuable companies in the world, but also among the most profitable.It has achieved this through foregoing short-term profits early on to focus on long-term success. Clearly Amazon would have passed the Marshmallow Test.LEARN TO SPOT POTENTIAL MENTORSSometimes making a sale is not the best gain that can be made out of a business relationship. Assuming you are a fledgling entrepreneur, what you need more than profits is clarified thinking.You need the wisdom of someone else’s experience to ensure you don’t have to learn through painful experience.You can get such wisdom from business books, but the thing about books is that they are static. You can’t ask them questions. They only allow so much nuance.Books are written to express a specific point, but real-life experience is usually more complex.The only way to navigate the complexities of real-world business is to talk with a businessperson who has been there, done that.When you meet such an individual, do you focus on making a short-term sale, or do you take a pause to consider the big picture and see how you can profit from this relationship in the long-term?I am not saying that you should not make the sale.What I am saying is that you should try to take your eyes off the sale first and look at the big picture.The sale can be the starting point of your relationship, but it should not be the end.An experienced entrepreneur can give you much needed mentorship.All you have to do is build a good rapport with them and move on from there.Who knows â€" they could even transition from a customer to an investor.In many cases, struggling businesses don’t need more money.They need better strategies. Pouring money into a bad strategy will only lose you money, but a good strategy will work out in your favor eventually, provided you see it through.Sometimes, only someone who has been in that situation will be able to see the mistakes you are making and give you a better strategy.The key to winning mentors over to your side is asking yourself one simple question: “What value can I offer them?” Don’t go in with a take-take mentality. What you need to do is to adopt a give-take mentality instead.If you help them out in some way, particularly in their business, they will naturally feel grateful and admire your restraint in not asking for something right away â€" a sign of the kind of long-term thi nking and delayed gratification they know goes far in business.Having earned their attention, you can earn their respect by asking for their advice instead of their money. Respect goes a long way in the world of business.To summarize this thought, focus on giving value, building meaningful relationships, and keeping an eye on what is truly important in the long run.With this strategy, organic success is sure to follow.THE PERILS OF GIVING DISCOUNTSOne of the key business skills that lead to success in selling goods is inventory management.If you handle your inventory properly and price your merchandise appropriately, your business has a high chance of turning a profit.The problem is you can’t always predict how much merchandise is enough or too much.This is especially problematic when you are dealing in seasonal merchandise â€" for instance, Christmas lights.In such a case, determining how much merchandise to stock up is a mix of experience, instinct, and gambling.On the one hand, if you don’t have enough merchandise, your customers will flock to your competition.On the other hand, if you have too much, you might make a loss as your excess stock continues to sit in storage when the season is over.One way to get rid of excessive stock is offering discounts. Discounts are a great way to sell more goods and make more profits.However, discounts are, in fact, a short-term selling strategy and could hurt your business in the long run.The problem with making a habit of relying on discounts to get rid of excess stock and make quick profits is that you train your customers to wait for the discounts.Furthermore, discounts punish loyal customers who are more likely to have bought goods earlier on at full price.Discounts are an excellent short-term tactic, but as a long-term strategy they are risky.Discounting is dangerous because it conditions your customer into devaluing your product.A case in point is when Apple offered the iPhone XR for $4449, a price that was $30 0 less than the official sticker price.Consistency and reliability are central to good branding. To protect the long-term value of your brand, you must practice disciplined marketing and be willing to forego short-term profits.Short-term financial gains are very tempting. They are obvious and quantifiable. It is literally having cash in your pocket.On the other hand, the long-term benefits of having a strong brand can seem vague and are not easy to quantify.Nevertheless, as an entrepreneur, you must be disciplined and avoid the temptation of short-term selling, lest you forfeit long-term success.SHORT-TERM THINKING IS EVERYWHERE: DARE TO STAND OUTIn 2018, a coalition of 200 CEOS from the US’s leading companies raised alarm that short-term thinking has becoming a big threat to the US economy.Warren Buffet, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, and Jamie Dimon, CEO of JP Morgan Chase, wrote in a Wall Street Journal op-ed that the market’s addiction to quarterly targets has led to companies s acrificing long-term strategy, growth, and sustainability for the sake of short-term profits.Nowadays CEOS are under high pressure to deliver quarterly results.Last year, one of the questions Mark Zuckerberg had to answer before Congress was about Facebook prioritizing short-term profits over the protection of user’s personal information.The allegations, whether true or false, of Facebook sharing user data with third parties have affected the company’s image.Another case of short-term mindset leading a big business astray is the Wells Fargo account fraud scandal, with the bank still under scrutiny from regulators for the creating fake accounts for clients without their consent.Similarly, the collapse of Lehman Brothers was a direct result of focusing on short term profits rather than long term success.The bank focused on risky Alt A mortgages to boost their short term earnings, but the collapse of the Alt A lending market (which was impending) led to the collapse of the bank as well.CEOS are under pressure from demands by activists and others on Wall Street who want them to boost profits from quarter to quarter.Furthermore, they also face pressure from their own boards and executive teams.However, about 75% of the US market is held by buy-and-hold investors.This type of investor is, by definition, interested in the long-term value of the companies they invest in.It can therefore be argued that CEOs should not feel so pressured to chase after short-term results.Long-term thinking is a common attribute among the most celebrated company builders â€" Steve Jobs at Apple, Sam Walton at Walmart, Herb Kelleher at Southwest Airlines, and Fred Smith at FedEx.Consider also that one of the most acclaimed investors of our time, Warren Buffet, is a long-game type of investor, so much so that his preferred holding period is “forever”.After the 2018 Parkland Shooting, Walmart and Dick’s Sporting Goods made the laudable, ethical decision not to sell guns to anyone y ounger than 21.By keeping their eye on the big picture, the two companies attracted good press and gained customer loyalty for doing what was right.Walmart had already banned sales of assault-style guns back in 2015, an even more impressive example of foregoing short-term profits.Back in 2014, CVS Health was the first national retail pharmacy chain to quit selling cigarettes and other tobacco products in all its stores.The company felt that selling cigarettes conflicted with the core purpose of a pharmacy, which is to help people on their path to better health.This gutsy move cost CVS Health $2 billion a year in revenues. The company also suffered a 7% drop in its stock price on the day CEO Larry Merlo announced the plan.Larry Merlo had his eyes on the big picture and was playing the long game.He believed that to transform CVS Health into a successful healthcare company, he needed to build credibility for the company. Time has proven him wise.CVS Health became financially strong eno ugh to acquire Aetna, the giant health insurer. Furthermore, today CVS Merlo is growing rapidly.WRAPPING UPShort-term selling is instant gratification. You might achieve some small gains at present, but this is usually done at the expense of even greater gains in future.As an entrepreneur, the question you should ask yourself is this: do you want to make money today, or do you want to build an enduring business?If it is latter, you must develop the discipline to forego short-term profits where short-term selling would harm your business’s long-term health.Note that this article does not advocate a disregard of profit-making.What we are arguing is simple: while it is important to focus on the now, don’t let the focus on short term gains derail you from your business’ long term goals.

The Dust Veil Environmental Disaster of AD 536

According to written records and supported by dendrochronology (tree ring) and archaeological evidence, for 12-18 months in AD 536-537, a thick, persistent dust veil or dry fog darkened the skies between Europe and Asia Minor. The climatic interruption brought by the thick, bluish fog extended as far east as China, where summer frosts and snow are mentioned in historical records; tree ring data from Mongolia and Siberia to Argentina and Chile reflect decreased growing records from 536 and the subsequent decade. The climatic effects of the dust veil brought decreased temperatures, drought, and food shortages throughout the affected regions: in Europe, two years later came the Justinian plague. The combination killed perhaps as much as 1/3 of the population of Europe; in China, the famine killed perhaps 80% of people in some regions; and in Scandinavia, the losses may have been as much as 75-90% of the population, as evidenced by the numbers of deserted villages and cemeteries. Historical Documentation The rediscovery of the AD 536 event was made during the 1980s by American geoscientists Stothers and Rampino, who searched classical sources for evidence of volcanic eruptions. Among their other findings, they noted several references to environmental disasters around the world between AD 536-538. Contemporary reports identified by Stothers and Rampino included Michael the Syrian, who wrote: [T]he sun became dark and its darkness lasted for one and a half years [...] Each day it shone for about four hours and still this light was only a feeble shadow [...] the fruits did not ripen and the wine tasted like sour grapes. John of Ephesus related much the same events. Prokopios, who lived in both Africa and Italy at the time, said: For the sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon, during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear nor such as it is accustomed to shed. An anonymous Syrian chronicler wrote: [T]he sun began to be darkened by day and the moon by night, while the ocean was tumultuous with spray, from the 24th of March in this year till the 24th of June in the following year... The following winter in Mesopotamia was so bad that from the large and unwonted quantity of snow the birds perished. A Summer Without Heat Cassiodorus, praetorian prefect of Italy at the time, wrote: so we have had a winter without storms, spring without mildness, summer without heat. John Lydos, in On Portents, writing from Constantinople, said: If the sun becomes dim because the air is dense from rising moisture—as happened in [536/537] for nearly a whole year [...] so that produce was destroyed because of the bad time—it predicts heavy trouble in Europe. In China, reports indicate that the star of Canopus could not be seen in as usual in the spring and fall equinoxes of 536, and the years AD 536-538 were marked by summer snows and frosts, drought and severe famine. In some parts of China, the weather was so severe that 70-80% of the people starved to death. Physical Evidence Tree rings show that 536 and the following ten years was a period of slow growth for Scandinavian pines, European oaks and even several North American species including bristlecone pine and foxtail; similar patterns of ring size decrease are also seen in trees in Mongolia and northern Siberia. But there seems to be something of a regional variation in the worst of the effects. 536 was a bad growing season in many parts of the world, but more generally, it was a part of a decade-long downturn in climate for the northern hemisphere, separate from the worst seasons by 3-7 years. For most reports in Europe and Eurasia, there is a drop in 536, followed by a recovery in 537-539, followed by a more serious plunge lasting perhaps as late as 550. In most cases the worst year for tree ring growth is 540; in Siberia 543, southern Chile 540, Argentina 540-548. AD 536 and the Viking Diaspora Archaeological evidence described by Grà ¤slund and Price shows that Scandinavia might have experienced the worst troubles. Almost 75% of villages were abandoned in parts of Sweden, and areas of southern Norway show a decrease in formal burials—indicating that haste was required in interments—up to 90-95%. Scandinavian narratives recount possible events that might be referring to 536. Snorri Sturlusons Edda includes a reference to Fimbulwinter, the great or mighty winter that served as a forewarning of Ragnarà ¶k, the destruction of the world and all of its inhabitants. First of all that a winter will come called Fimbulwinter. Then snow will drift from all directions. There will then be great frosts and keen winds. The sun will do no good. There will be three of these winters together and no summer between. Grà ¤slund and Price speculate that the social unrest and sharp agrarian decline and demographic disaster in Scandinavia may have been a primary catalyst for the Viking diaspora—when in the 9th century AD, young men left Scandinavia in droves  and sought to conquer new worlds.   Possible Causes Scholars are divided concerning what caused the dust veil: a violent volcanic eruption—or several (see Churakova et al.), a cometary impact, even a near miss by a large comet could have created a dust cloud made up of dust particles, smoke from fires and (if a volcanic eruption) sulfuric acid droplets such as that described. Such a cloud would reflect and/or absorb light, increasing the earths albedo and measurably decreasing the temperature. Sources Arrhenius B. 2012. Helgà ¶ in the shadow of the dust veil 536-37. Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History 2013(5).Arjava A. 2005. The Mystery Cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean Sources. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 59:73-94.Baillie M. 2007. The case for significant numbers of extraterrestrial impacts through the late Holocene. Journal of Quaternary Science 22(2):101-109. doi: 10.1002/jqs.1099Baillie MGL, and McAneney J. 2015. Tree ring. Climate 11(1):105-114. effects and ice core acidities clarify the volcanic record of the first millennium of the PastChurakova OV, Bryukhanova MV, Saurer M, Boettger T, Naurzbaev MM, Myglan VS, Vaganov EA, Hughes MK, and Siegwolf RTW. 2014. A cluster of stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the AD 530s recorded in Siberian tree rings. Global and Planetary Change 122:140-150.Engvild KC. 2003. A review of the risks of sudden global cooling and its effects on agriculture. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 115(3–4):127-137. doi:10.1016/s0168-1923(02 )00253-8Grà ¤slund B, and Price N. 2012. Twilight of the gods? The ‘dust veil event’ of AD 536 in critical perspective. Antiquity 332:428-443.Larsen LB, Vinther BM, Briffa KR, Melvin TM, Clausen HB, Jones PD, Siggaard-Andersen M, Hammer CU, Eronen M, and Grudd H. 2008. New ice core evidence for a volcanic cause of the AD 536 dust veil. Geophysical Research Letters 35(4)Rigby E, Symonds M, and Ward-Thompson D. 2004. A comet impact in AD 536? Astronomy Geophysics 45(1):1.23-1.26

Inspirational Quote 1 George S. Patton

Mngt 5000 Term Paper Free Essays

MNGT 5000 May 14, 2010 Term Paper There are many issues that companies face every day that could potentially be managed in a different way. The issue that I would like to review is an issue that is in the forefront of the news these days. It is hard to say when there might be some sort of resolution to this issue, based on the size and impact to the environment and economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Mngt 5000 Term Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most recent issue occurred on April 20, 2010. This was when the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded and sunk into the Gulf of Mexico 2 days later. Along with this explosion, there were 11 people reported missing and are assumed dead. The larger problem that British Petroleum has experienced since this explosion is a blow out preventer (BOP) that failed. This failed BOP has caused a horrible oil leak that is gushing from the ocean floor. The initial estimates were that the leak would be around 1,000 barrels or 42,000 gallons per day. This number has since skyrocketed from the initial estimates. As of May 13, this number is now thought to be as high as 70,000 barrels per day, or 2,940,000 gallons. With the amount of oil that is leaking into the Gulf of Mexico from this incident give it the potential to be the worst oil spill in US history. The previous largest oil spill in US history was the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill that occurred on March 24, 1989. As a comparison, the Valdez spill lost 250,000 barrels of oil, or 10,500,000 gallons. It was not until 1992 that the clean up from this spill was completed. From the estimated numbers, the current spill will eclipse the Valdez spill in only a matter of days. Given the fact that the Valdez spill took 3 years to clean up, we can only speculate as to how long it might take to clean up the effects of the Deepwater Horizon. The main problem that BP is immediately faced with is how to control and stop the Deepwater Horizon leak. There have been many suggestions as to what approach they should take. British Petroleum has had to utilize the planning process and try to implement several different strategies since April 22, 2010. While the typical planning process might take several weeks or months, BP had to speed this process up. Their goal is to try and minimize the impact to the Gulf of Mexico and the surrounding environment. Planning is necessary to help drive a structured process for making decisions about the goal they are trying to reach. There are 6 main steps involved in a formal planning process. The first step in the planning process is situational analysis. This first step most likely started for BP on April 20th after the explosion happened. This is when all relevant information about the plan is gathered, interpreted and summarized. For this situation, it most likely included studying past events, the current conditions and trying to forecast future events. The next step in the planning process is to review alternative goals and plans that might have been identified through the situational analysis. A goal is a certain target that is set by a manager that they hope to reach. The alternative goal that BP needs to try to achieve as quickly as possible is to stop the leak that is gushing from the ocean floor. The book Management: Leading Collaborating in the Competitive World outlines a very helpful acronym to ensure you gather certain qualities in the goals you set. The acronym identified is SMART. This stands for Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-bound. There are parts of this acronym that are a little more sensitive for BP than some of the other pieces. The time bound is the part that sticks out in my mind. The longer it takes to contain the leak from the ocean floor, the larger the impact to the environment and to BP financially. As of May 13, the oil has been leaking from the Deepwater Horizon site for 24 days. It appears that BP has come up with many alternative plans to try and address and contain the oil leak that the failed BOP has created. Next we will review the different plans that BP has established and how some of them have been working so far. A plan is defined as how the management staff plans to achieve the outlined goals. BP has presented several plans that they will use to try and achieve their goal. The first plan that they will try to implement is to lower a containment box over the leak that will then funnel the oil to the surface and into an oil tanker. This will be the quickest option that they can try to put in place to stop the leak. Another option that they will try to implement at the same time is to drill a relief well, but this could take up to 3 months to complete. Once the alternatives have been reviewed, we move to step three which is to evaluate the goals and plan. All of this planning has to be completed in a very tight time frame for BP, because as the time passes, the oil continues to leak. During this step, management will review the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative goals and plan from step 2. The drilling of a relief well has a huge disadvantage due to the time frame. This step also includes prioritizing and potentially eliminating some of the goals. Step 4 is the Goal and Plan Selection. After having reviewed and prioritized the goals in the last step, this is where the decision will actually be made on which goal and plan is most feasible. After the selection has been made, the following step is to implement plans to achieve the goals that have been outlined. As of May 7, British Petroleum has started to implement their plan of lowering a container over the leaking well. Once everything is implemented, the final step is to monitor and control the work that is being done. The container was successfully lowered into place, however ice crystals started to form and blocked the pipe that would deliver the oil to the surface. BP has now had to resort to some of their back up or alternative plans. Some other ideas that have been presented in this process include using a smaller containment dome, shooting junk into the well to clog the hole, and siphoning the oil into a tanker at the surface. With these different plans in place, BP will have to ensure that they have a good strategy if another alternate fails. The definition of strategy is a pattern of actions and resource allocations designed to achieve the organization’s goals. Planning and strategy go hand in hand. BP will need to use some strategic management in dealing with this situation. Strategic management is basically a strategic planning process that has six major steps. The first step is to establish a mission, vision and goals. The mission is short statement that describes the purpose of the organization. The vision is what the organization hopes to accomplish in the future. BP has their company mission and vision statement listed on their site as their values. The sites states â€Å"BP wants to be recognized as a great company – competitively successful and a force for progress. We have a fundamental belief that we can make a difference in the world. We help the world meet its growing need for heat, light and mobility. We strive to do that by producing energy that is affordable, secure and doesn’t damage the environment. BP is progressive, responsible, innovative and performance driven. † The second step in this process is to do an analysis of external opportunities and threats. This includes understanding the different forces that might affect the company’s mission and vision. This is a unique situation for BP, due to the fact that they are trying to live up to their values, while trying to prevent an environmental disaster that could potentially tarnish their name for quite some time. After reviewing external factors, step 3 is to complete an analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses. There are many aspects to an organization that can be reviewed a couple of key parts to be reviewed would be resources available and core competencies. Resources can fall into two categories, tangible and intangible. Steps 2 and 3 provide a good foundation of information for step 4, which is SWOT Analysis and Strategy Formulation. Once the SWOT analysis is complete, there are several different strategies to consider based on the type of business that is in operation. For BP and this situation, I would think that they would need to implement a functional strategy. Once the type of strategy has been decided upon, step 5 is strategy implementation. During this step, BP would need to ensure that the strategy is being implemented efficiently and effectively. Once implemented, this takes us to the final step, which is strategic control. I believe this control will not be in place until the leak has been contained. In this final step, typically there is a system to help support management in evaluating how the organization is doing with the strategy. Overall, BP has an enormous task that they are faced with. It will take good planning and strategy to resolve the issue as quickly as possible. They are faced with having to contain one of the largest oil spills in US history. It is hard to accurately measure the true amount of oil that is leaking from the well; however there are several estimates of how much oil is leaking per day, ranging from 1000 to 70,000 barrels. As of May 13, 2010, BP has had to resort to alternate plans due to their initial attempt failing. It will be interesting to watch the news and see how BP continues to manage the situation. It is almost guaranteed that the government will intervene at some point, possibly by implementing new laws around off shore drilling. We can only hope that the impact to the environment is not too great, but there have already been reports of dead animals and tar balls washing ashore. It is hard to think that there would be no impact with so much oil leaking into the ocean. I still remember the images from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. I can only imagine we will start to see some of the same images in the future from the Deepwater Horizon spill. Let’s hope that BP’s management staff has all the tools necessary to have a strong plan in place to rectify this problem. Bibliography Robertson, C Lipton, E (2010, April 30). BP Is Criticized Over Oil Spill, but U. S. Missed Chances to Act. New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www. nytimes. com/2010/05/01/us/01gulf. html The Valdez Oil Spill. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www. exxonmobil. com/corporate/about_issues_valdez. aspx Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill Gulf Oil Spill Layers. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http://maps. google. com/maps/mpl? moduleurl=http://mw1. google. com/mw-earth-vectordb/disaster/gulf_oil_spill/gulf_oil_mapplet. xmlmapclient=googlehl=en Weber, H. amp; Burdeau, C (2010, May 6). Expedition to contain oil leak begins in Gulf. Associated Press. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www. google. com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gIXWYBTpLtSayJtg41LKXpxSxVPAD9FH9GN80 Resnick-Ault, J. Polson, C (2010, May 11). BP to Try Again to Control Oil Leak as Hearings Start (Update3). Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http://www. business week. com/news/2010-05-11/bp-to-try-again-to-control-oil-leak-as-hearings-start-update3-. html What we stand for. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http://www. bp. com/sectiongenericarticle. do? categoryId=9002630contentId=7005204 How to cite Mngt 5000 Term Paper, Essays

Main Characteristics of Hinduism free essay sample

The majority of Hinduism is henotheistic- worship of one God while acknowledging the existence of other Gods. Hinduism concepts teach a cycle of life. From birth to rebirth can happen 84 million times because there are 84 million species. All living beings are created by God and has a soul known as Hindus. It identifies one deity and acknowledges the remaining Gods and Goddesses as part of the supreme God. Henotheistic religions are known to be very tolerant and diverse. B. G. Tilak (1995, July 2) at the Supreme Court in India quoted, the true definition of Hinduism: Acceptance of the Vedas with reverence; recognition of the fact that the means or ways to salvation are diverse; and the realization of the truth that the number of gods to be worshipped is large, that indeed is the distinguishing feature of the Hindu religion. † Hinduism is not regulated by a central institution. It welcomes other religions as one of the many paths to redemption and is not in favor of organized effort to convert someone to a religious faith. We will write a custom essay sample on Main Characteristics of Hinduism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout its history, scholars, kings and emperors, seers and sages have contributed to modifying and molding aspects to suit the social and intellectual requirements or the times.Many Hindus believe Hinduism is not a religion but more so a way of life. Religion is imbedded in the life of Hinduism. According to the Hinduism principles life and religion go hand and hand. Religion is everywhere dominating, regulating life with divine existence making for a purposeful and meaningful life. Each Hindu person is free to follow a path they would like but underneath the mind the religion remains and influences the actions and decisions made. V. Jayaram (2009, May 26) proposed that religion is: â€Å"According to Hinduism, religion is not separate from living. It is living itself. God does not exist in temples and sacred places only. Going to the temples is a good practice, but that is not the only way to worship God. God does not exist in temples alone, in some particular alter or sacred place. † The Hinduism lifestyle urges individuals to accept everyday as self-realization. As stated by (V. Jayaram, 2009) every activity that we perform while living and every aspect of life that we know and deal with becomes means to realize God. Life is a time to discover your hidden self. Hinduism has three symbolic essentials: roots, for meditation on Vedas; ethics, focusing on karma and ignorance of self.The most well-known Hindu concepts are Advaita, Samkhya, Vedanta and Yoga. The most sacred scriptures of Hinduism is the Vedas. According to the Hinduwebsite (V. Jayaram, 2009), some people say that all human knowledge is available in the Vedas in symbolic form and that the knowledge of all our discoveries and inventions is already contained in the Vedas. The Vedas are religious texts full of spiritual knowledge and often thought of as the basis of Sanatana Dharma. They are a celebrated set of ancient hymns that was not written until the first millennium B-C-E. The text contains four parts established over time: Samhitas, which are hymns of worship; Brahmanas, instructions on how to carry out ritual sacrifices to the Gods; Aranyakas, literature by inhabitants meditating in the woodlands; and Upanishads, based on teachings from superior spiritual leaders. The Vedic scriptures go beyond human time being as significant today as they were thousands of years ago. One of the most fascinating aspects of Hinduism is the yoga, that has influenced many people no matter what religion they practice. Yoga started in Indus-Sarasvati civilization in northern India about 5000 years ago.The Rig Veda contains the first original reference to yoga. Although the development of yoga basics has been a long process with many influences, the overall path of the discipline can be divided into classical, post-classical and modern periods (And Then There Was Yoga-The Yogic Story, 2009, par 4). The various types of yoga can be so different and serve different purposes . Bhakti Yoga concentrates on devotion, emotional bond and love of God. This yoga has been used prior to the fifth century BC and officially has nine forms: Sravana, Kirtana, Smarana, Padasevana, Archana, Vandana, Dasya, Sakhya and Atmanivedana.Karma (deeds) yoga, dating as far back as 800 BC promotes good behavior and positive actions. Practicing karma yoga consists of doing good, selfless deeds that allow for goodness. This yoga is performed in unity with the Devine. Around 5000 BC Ashtanga yoga was created by Patanjali Yoga Sutra. It involves paying attention to the eight limbs, that are: Yama- moral code; Niyama- disciplines; Asana- posture; Pranayama- breathing; Prayahara- removal of senses; Dharana-concentration; Dhyan-meditation; Samadhi- salvation. Top Yoga Techniques For A Healthy Life (2009) suggest Jnana yoga for the brain, which means: â€Å"Jnana yoga is yoga that focuses on knowledge. There are seven stages to Jnana, involving study, self-realization, desire, protection of the mind, developing indifference to objects, letting the world appear like a dream, non-attachment to the world, bliss and knowledge of truth. † The United States mostly practices Hatha Yoga which applies to the modern period. In the 1800’s early 1900’s Yoga masters started traveling around the world. T.